In Yunnan province, 94% of the land is classified as mountainous. Relatively low agricultural productivity in the uplands restricts the opportunities for expanding into large-scale agriculture. Instead, animal husbandry and forestry have become major sources of income. Livelihood strategies among the upland communities follow a typical pattern, with cultivation of grain to satisfy subsistence needs and produce animal feed (a short-term strategy), and development of animal husbandry (